An international season that started on 5 August in Cardiff ended for England on Saturday in Auckland with a feeling of deja vu in the air.

Just like in Dunedin a week earlier, England had stayed in the fight admirably in the first half, rallying either side of the break to take control and threaten to pull off a historic win, before frustratingly fading in the final quarter as the All Blacks bench proved decisive.

So how should England supporters view the 2-0 series defeat? A tour that showed Steve Borthwick’s side are moving in the right direction? Or a huge missed opportunity?

“Absolutely both,” said skipper Jamie George, who led the group with distinction on his first tour as captain.

England have played South Africa, Ireland and France over the past eight months, in addition to two games against New Zealand. The aggregate score against these top four sides in the world is 101-111, with one narrow win and four narrow defeats.

“We are definitely trending in the right direction,” vice-captain Henry Slade said.

“We are pushing the top four sides now and getting better and better week by week.”

The challenge for England now is to get on the right side of these tussles.

“I don’t want to revisit mistakes,” reflected Borthwick on Sunday in downtown Auckland, shortly before starting the long journey home via Sydney and Singapore.

“In each of those games, we’ve been in a position late in the game in a leading position on the scoreboard.”

There are some key areas where England need to improve if they are to become a genuine force on the world stage.

Keeping the scoreboard moving when matches tighten up – England scored only three second-half points in Auckland and five in Dunedin – as well as shoring up the scrum and being more streetwise are all areas highlighted by Borthwick.

“Test matches at this level are tight encounters, they are decided generally by a penalty or a drop-goal, one moment, one missed kick,” he said.

“That is the nature of it and the players have experienced that, we are going to be better for it. Every one of these has to be a learning experience.”

After relying on an older core to reach the World Cup semi-finals last year, Borthwick says 2024 has been the “second phase” of his tenure as he goes about building a new team.

“So far in these eight Tests [in 2024] we have had eight new caps,” he explained.

There is youth all across the backline. Immanuel Feyi-Waboso is 21. Fin Smith 22. Ollie Sleightholme, 24, made his debut in New Zealand.

Up front, 22-year-old Fin Baxter has come through. Chandler Cunningham-South at 21 and George Martin, only just 23, have continued to emerge. Experience, though, wins tight Test matches. And while Borthwick and his coaches can’t buy experience, they aim to accelerate the players’ learning.

“The England pack has changed from what was traditionally a very big powerful pack to more of a younger, dynamic pack,” Borthwick explained.

“You can see that younger pack developing. I need to coach them as fast as I can.”

While depth is building in some areas, other positions still look light with tight-head prop of particular concern. Too much is being asked of 37-year-old Dan Cole, who has now won more caps at prop than any other Englishman.

The scrum creaked in both Tests against the All Blacks.

“I’ll have a conversation with Coley and see what he wants to do,” said Borthwick. “But quite clearly we need to find some more tight-heads. That’s going to be a big development project.

“Will Stuart has done really well in the last couple of Tests. The New Zealand scrum is very good and outside the scrum I thought he did many things very well.

“Part of my next step is to do that kind of planning and decide on the right thing to do. I’m trying to have consistency in selection and build the number of caps, not just individually but together, so we maximise the cohesion.

“That’s clearly with a longer-term goal in mind but we need results now as well. That’s always a challenge the England head coach has. We need results now and we need to be preparing for several years in advance.”

Behind the scrum, England need more back-up to Alex Mitchell at number nine, with neither Harry Randall or Ben Spencer given much game time. Mitchell played the whole 80 minutes in Auckland.

At fly-half Marcus Smith was trusted with running the side throughout the tour, and while he missed some crucial kicks in the first Test against New Zealand, he excelled in Tokyo against Japan and set up three of England’s four tries against the All Blacks.

Namesake Fin came off the bench twice but didn’t have long enough to impose himself.

“I thought Marcus has done some really good things, when you see the ability he has to see space, to create tries, to open up a defence,” Borthwick said.

Meanwhile, the England boss was unequivocal when asked whether 96-cap George Ford still had a role to play after missing the tour through injury. If Ford returns to form and fitness, he could well wear number 10 again in the autumn.

“He is world class and I thought his performance in the Six Nations was exceptional,” Borthwick said.

“The three of them – Fin Smith, George Ford and Marcus – it puts us in a pretty enviable position.”

England’s players will now get a minimum five-week break before returning to their clubs. The new Professional Game Partnership between clubs and the Rugby Football Union has been agreed, which will give Borthwick slightly more control over a core group of 20 or so players.

Their next assignment in a white jersey will be at Twickenham in November with – fittingly – the All Blacks first up.

“We owe them one,” said George.

“To get the results we need to be tactically smart and we’ve got to be really well organised,” continued Borthwick.

“But fundamentally, there’s got to be something that sits underneath all that and that is the fight and spirit that we have within the team.

“What you see in this England team now is fight and spirit, and we need to make sure that gives us a good foundation for everything we do going forward.”

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